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Caves and karsts are often overlooked in the context of ecosystems, but they provide shelter for many species including migratory bats and birds, as well a extremely unique species ranging from birds to fish that evolved to live in these isolated ecosystems. Some species even losing their coloration and eyesight over the many centuries spent in the same cave system.
Karst is a type of landscape where the dissolving of the bedrock has created sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, springs, and other characteristic features. Karst is associated with soluble rock types such as limestone, marble, and gypsum. In general, a typical karst landscape forms when much of the water falling on the surface interacts with and enters the subsurface through cracks, fractures, and holes that have been dissolved into the bedrock. After traveling underground, sometimes for long distances, this water is then discharged from springs, many of which are cave entrances. - National Park Service: Karst Landscapes
"Karst is ideal for storing water as an aquifer and provides vast amounts of clean drinking water to people, plants, and animals. Because of the porous (Swiss cheese-like) nature of karst, water flows quickly through it and receives little filtration. Therefore, contaminants that enter a karst aquifer are rapidly transported creating water quality problems. About 20% of the United States is underlain by karst landscapes and 40% of groundwater used for drinking comes from karst aquifers. It is imperative for our health and safety to protect karst landscapes." - National Park Service: Karst Landscapes
Many caves exist along or near coastlines, especially where cliffs and mountains meet the ocean or are present on islands. Erosion from ocean action can help create new caves, or open up entrances to existing pockets within rocky geology. Unfortunately this proximity to the ocean, as well as the increasing frequency and strength of storms (thanks to climate change), put these caves at increased risk of damage, or even becoming totally submerged over time, making them unfit for the air-breathing species who rely on them. Even if a cavern isn't totally submerged, the sudden storm surges can raise the water level enough to wash away and drown baby bats, which even if it only happens in one year, could wipe out an entire generation or even an entire colony of bats.
In the case of erosive damage. Around the world we are seeing a rise in the erosion and collapse of geological landmarks from stone arches in deserts to entire cliff sides along coastlines, thanks to rising temperatures and abnormally cold winters expanding and contracting materials. When combined with unusually strong storms and weather systems, increased wave action, etc., scientists have found that all of these combined factors help to speed up the destruction of millennia old land forms.
10:20 minute video about caves in Croatia being used as dumping sites, and how local volunteers worked together to safely clean them out, to protect the quality of their drinking water.
Conservationists, spelunkers, and scientists have witnessed an alarming rise of plastic pollution inside and around caves. In some cases, there was so much pollution that they had to work with volunteers and even heavy equipment to haul away truckloads of plastic pollution including shopping bags, plastic bottles, food packaging, and cigarettes.
Microplastics can be brought in by flooding, creating high concentrations of microplastics on the walls and in the sediments. "Flooding also contributed to a higher diversity of microplastics in the cave water. When those flood waters receded, microplastics were likely deposited near the cave’s mouth in higher abundances than in locations deeper in the cave." - St Louis University: Microplastics Are Found in Cave Water and Sediment
Some species nest in varous places including caves, while others next
Bears use caves for hibernation. The same cave can be used for centuries, but not usually year after year by the same bear.
10:20 minute video talks about the problem of illegal trash dumping in caves, how it affects the quality of people's drinking water, and how to clean these caves up again.